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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows.

Launched in as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems. Mac OS X succeeded "classic" Mac OSwhich was introduced inand the final release of which was Mac OS 9 in An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.

The first desktop version, Mac OS X Releases were code named after big cats from the original release up until OS X Beginning in with OS X The latest version of macOS is macOS The "X" in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced "ten", as it is the Roman numeral for the number The X was a prominent part of the operating system's brand identityand was used to showcase its Unix compatibility; UNIX 03 certification was achieved for the Intel version of Mac OS X A heavily modified version of Mac OS X Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers.

Beginning with Mac OS X Releases of Mac OS X from to can run only on the PowerPC -based Macs from the time period. After Apple announced that they were switching to Intel CPUs from onwards, a separate version of Mac OS X Mac OS X InApple released Mac OS X All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on bit Intel CPUs and do not support PowerPC applications.

The heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXTa company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in The kernel of NeXTSTEP is based upon the Mach kernelwhich was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon Universitywith additional kernel layers and low-level user space code derived from parts of BSD.

Its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. Throughout the early s, Apple had tried to create a "next-generation" OS to succeed its classic Mac OS through the TaligentCopland and Gershwin projects, but all of them were eventually abandoned. The project was first code named " Rhapsody " and then officially named Mac OS X. Mac OS X was originally presented as the tenth major version of Apple's operating system for Macintosh computers; current versions of macOS retain the major version number "10".

Previous Macintosh operating systems versions of the classic Mac OS were named using Arabic numeralse. Mac OS 8 and Mac OS 9.

The letter "X" in Mac OS X's name refers to the number 10, a Roman numeral. The first version of Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server 1. Consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API ; many could also be run directly through the Classic Environment with a reduction in performance. The consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in with Mac OS X Reviews were variable, with extensive praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface but criticizing it for sluggish performance.

Apple rapidly developed several new releases of Mac OS X. Siracusa's review of version Inthe first Intel Macs released used a specialized version of Mac OS X As the operating system evolved, it moved away from the classic Mac OSwith applications being added and removed. Targeting the consumer and media markets, Apple emphasized its new "digital lifestyle" applications such as the iLife suite, integrated home entertainment through the Front Row media center and the Safari web browser.

Mac, MobileMe and most recently iCloud products. It also began selling third-party applications through the Mac App Store. Newer versions of Mac OS X also included modifications to the general interface, moving away from the striped gloss and transparency of the initial versions. Some applications began to use a brushed metal appearance, or non-pinstriped titlebar appearance in version A key development for the system was the announcement and release of the iPhone from onwards.

While Apple's previous iPod media players used a minimal operating system, the iPhone used an operating system based on Mac OS X, which would later be called "iPhone OS" and then iOS.

The simultaneous release of two operating systems based on the same frameworks placed tension on Apple, which cited the iPhone as forcing it to delay Mac OS X In two succeeding versions, Lion and Mountain LionApple moved some applications to a highly skeuomorphic style of design inspired by contemporary versions of iOS, at the same time simplifying some elements by making controls such as scroll bars fade out when not in use.

A review described the trend in the server products as becoming "cheaper and simpler Inwith the release of OS X That year, Apple removed the head of OS X development, Scott Forstalland design was changed towards a more minimal direction.

With OS X engineers reportedly working on iOS 7, the version released inOS X From onwards, the system has shifted to an annual release schedule similar to that of iOS. It also steadily cut the cost of updates from Snow Leopard onwards, before removing upgrade fees altogether from onwards. Inwith the release of macOS The Apple File System was announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference in as a replacement for HFS Plusa highly-criticized file system.

This new file system will be implemented at a later date. At the Worldwide Developers Conference Apple previewed macOS At macOS's core is a POSIX compliant operating system built on top of the XNU kernelwith standard Unix facilities available from the command line interface. Apple has released this family of software as a free and open source operating system named Darwin.

On top of Darwin, Apple layered a number of components, including the Aqua interface and the Finderto complete the GUI -based operating system which is macOS. With its original introduction as Mac OS X, the system brought a number of new capabilities to provide a more stable and reliable platform than its predecessor, the classic Mac OS. For example, pre-emptive multitasking and memory protection improved the system's ability to run multiple applications simultaneously without them interrupting or corrupting each other.

For example, NeXTSTEP was ported from the original 68k -based NeXT workstations to x86 and other architectures before NeXT was purchased by Apple, [54] and OPENSTEP was later ported to the PowerPC architecture as part of the Rhapsody project.

He criticized the case insensitivity of file names, a design made worse when Apple extended the file system to support Unicode. As a result, macOS on current Macs must do byte swap when it reads file system data. The Darwin subsystem in macOS is in charge of managing the file system, which includes the Unix permissions layer. In andtwo Macworld editors expressed criticism of the permission scheme; Ted Landau called misconfigured permissions "the most common frustration" in macOS, while Rob Griffiths suggested that some users may even have to reset permissions every day, a process which can take up to 15 minutes.

The architecture of macOS incorporates a layered design: For the Apple—Intel transitionit was modified so that developers could build their applications as a universal binarywhich provides compatibility with both the Intel-based and PowerPC-based Macintosh lines. Apple offered two main APIs to develop software natively for macOS: Cocoa was a descendant of APIs inherited from OPENSTEP with no ancestry from the classic Mac OSwhile Carbon was an adaptation of classic Mac OS APIs, allowing Mac software to be minimally rewritten in order to run natively on Mac OS X.

The Cocoa API was created as the result of a collaboration between NeXT Computer and Sun Microsystems. The official OPENSTEP API, published in Septemberwas the first to split the API between Foundation and ApplicationKit and the first to use the "NS" prefix. However, on July 11,Apple announced that "features added to Cocoa in Mac OS X versions later than SinceApple has promoted its new programming language Swift as the preferred language for software development on Apple platforms.

Apple's original plan with macOS was to require all developers to rewrite their software into the Cocoa APIs. This caused much outcry among existing Mac developers, who threatened to abandon the platform rather than invest in a costly rewrite, and the idea was shelved.

Carbon was not included in the first product sold as Mac OS X: Early versions of macOS could also run some classic Mac OS applications through the Classic Environment with performance limitations; this feature was removed from Because macOS is POSIX compliant, many software packages written for the other Unix-like systems such as Linux can be recompiled to run on it, including much scientific and technical software.

Apple and others have provided versions of the X Window System graphical interface which can allow these applications to run with an approximation of the macOS look-and-feel. Applications can be distributed to Macs and installed by the user from any source and by any method such as downloading with or without code signingavailable via an Apple developer account or through the Mac App Storea marketplace of software maintained by Apple by way of a process requiring the company's approval.

Apps installed through the Mac App Store run within a sandboxrestricting their ability to exchange information with other applications or modify the core operating system and its features. This has been cited as an advantage, by allowing users to install apps with confidence that they should not be able to damage their system, but also as a disadvantage, by blocking the Mac App Store's use by professional applications that require elevated privileges.

Apple produces macOS applications, some of which are included and some sold separately. This includes iWorkFinal Cut ProLogic ProiLifeand the database application FileMaker.

Numerous other developers also offer software for macOS. Tools such as XPostFacto and patches applied to the installation media have been developed by third parties to enable installation of newer versions of macOS on systems not officially supported by Apple.

This includes a number of pre-G3 Power Macintosh systems that can be made to run up to and including Mac OS X Except for features requiring specific hardware e. As most Mac hardware components, or components similar to those, since the Intel transition are available for purchase, [93] some technology-capable groups have developed software to install macOS on non-Apple computers.

These are referred to as Hackintoshesa portmanteau of the words "hack" and "Macintosh". This violates Apple's EULA and is therefore unsupported by Apple technical support, warranties etc.

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In AprileWeek announced a rumor that Apple had a version of Mac OS X code-named Marklarwhich ran on Intel x86 processors. The idea behind Marklar was to keep Mac OS X running on an alternative platform brokerage futures options india pdf Apple become dissatisfied with the progress of the PowerPC platform.

On June 6,Steve Jobs announced in his keynote address at the annual Apple Worldwide Developers Conference that Apple would be making the transition from PowerPC to Intel processors over the following two years, and that Mac OS X would support both platforms during the transition. Jobs also confirmed rumors that Apple had versions of Mac OS X running on Intel processors for most of its developmental life.

Intel-based Aon hewitt work from home would run a new recompiled version of OS X along with Rosettaa binary translation layer which enables software compiled for PowerPC Mac OS X to run on Intel Mac OS X machines.

Third party emulation software such as Mini vMacBasilisk II and SheepShaver provided support for some early versions of Mac OS. A new version of Xcode and the underlying best stock screener for day trading compilers supported building universal binaries that would run on either architecture.

PowerPC-only software is supported with Apple's official emulation software, Rosettathough applications eventually had to be rewritten to run properly on the newer versions released for Intel processors.

Apple initially encouraged developers to produce universal binaries with support for both PowerPC and Intel. Moreover, some PowerPC software, such as kernel extensions and System Preferences plugins, are not supported on Intel Macs at all. Some PowerPC applications would not run on macOS at all. Plugins for Safari need to be compiled for the same platform as Safari, so when Safari is running on Intel, it requires plug-ins that have been compiled as Intel-only or universal binaries, so PowerPC-only plug-ins will not work.

Support for the PowerPC platform was dropped following the transition. InApple announced at its Worldwide Developers Conference that Mac OS X One of the major differences between the classic Mac OS and the current macOS was the addition of Aquaa graphical user interface with water-like elements, in the first major release of Mac OS X. Every window element, text, graphic, or widget is drawn on-screen using spatial aaa trading system technology.

New interface elements were integrated, including sheets dialog boxes attached to specific windows and drawers, which would slide out and provide options. The use of soft edges, translucent colors, and pinstripes, similar to the hardware design of the first iMacsbrought more texture and color to the user interface calcular ganancias en forex compared to what Mac OS 9 and Mac OS X Server 1.

According to John Siracusa, an editor of Ars Technicathe introduction of Aqua and its departure from the then conventional look "hit like a ton of bricks. To some extent, Apple has used the successful transition to this new design as leverage, at various times threatening legal action against people who make or distribute software with an interface the company says is derived from its copyrighted design.

Apple has continued to change aspects of the macOS appearance and design, particularly with tweaks to the appearance of windows and the menu bar. SinceApple has sold many of its Mac models with high-resolution Retina displaysand macOS and its APIs have extensive support for resolution-independent development on supporting high-resolution displays.

Reviewers have described Apple's support for the technology as superior to that on Windows. The human interface guidelines published by Apple for macOS are followed by many applications, giving them point break forex ea user interface and keyboard shortcuts.

The graphics system OpenGL composites windows onto the screen to allow hardware-accelerated drawing. This technology, how much money does a heavy equipment mechanic make in version Quartz's internal imaging model correlates well with the Portable Document Format PDF imaging model, making it easy to howwetrade options PDF to multiple devices.

The Finder is a file browser allowing quick access to all areas of the computer, which has been modified throughout subsequent releases of macOS. It allows for dynamic previews of files, including videos and multi-page documents without opening any other applications. Spotlighta file searching technology which has been integrated into the Finder since version Its functions are to instantly display all open windows as thumbnails for easy navigation to different tasks, display all open windows as thumbnails from the current application, and hide all windows to access the desktop.

Features introduced in version The operating system then managed conflicting edits and data consistency. In more recent releases, Apple has developed support for emoji characters by including the proprietary Apple Color Emoji font. There are 34 system languages available in macOS for the user at the moment of installation; the system language is used throughout the entire operating system environment.

Until OS X In Mountain Lion and later, this was merged into the Mac App Store application, although the underlying update mechanism remains unchanged and is fundamentally different than the download mechanism used when purchasing an App Store application. With the exception of Mac OS X Server 1. Prior to its release, Mac OS X After the immense buzz surrounding Mac OS X Apple has also registered "Lynx" and "Cougar" as trademarks, though these were allowed to lapse.

On May 16, a US federal court in the Southern District of Florida ruled that Apple's use did not infringe on Tiger Should college basketball players get paid trademark.

The "PB" as it was known marked the indicatorforex public availability of the Aqua interface and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS X Public Beta expired and ceased to function in Spring On March 24,Apple released Mac OS X Following some bug fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.

Later that year on September 25,Mac OS X It featured increased performance and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. It was discovered that the upgrade CDs were full install CDs that could be used with Mac OS 9 systems by removing a specific file; Apple later re-released the CDs in an actual stripped-down format that did not facilitate installation on such systems. On August 23,[] Apple followed up with Mac OS X Mac OS X v In addition to providing much improved performance, it also incorporated the most extensive update yet to the user interface.

Apple stated that Tiger contained more than new features. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Teens earn money with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services.

On January 10,Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release dropping support for the Classic environment. It was called by Apple "the largest update of Mac OS X". It brought more than new features.

The single DVD works for all supported Macs including bit machines. New features include a new look, an updated Finder, Time MachineSpacesBoot Camp pre-installed, binary options systems extreme nemesis full support for bit applications including graphical applicationsnew features in Mail and iChatand a number of new security features. Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered product on the Intel platform.

It was also the first BSD-based OS to receive UNIX 03 certification. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac OS XSnow Leopard focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating system. For most users, the most noticeable changes were: Snow Leopard also featured new bit technology capable of supporting greater amounts of RAMimproved support frr forex logo multi-core processors through Grand Central Dispatchand advanced GPU performance with OpenCL.

An update introduced support for the Mac App StoreApple's digital distribution platform for macOS applications. It brought developments made in Apple's iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications called Launchpad and a greater use of multi-touch gestures, to the Mac.

This release removed Rosettamaking it incompatible with PowerPC applications. Documents auto-save by default. It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud. Application pop-ups are now concentrated on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Lion also includes more Binary options roulette or not features including support for Baidu as an option for Forex investor search engine, QQ Starting with Mountain Lion, Apple software updates including the OS are distributed via the App Store.

It was a free upgrade to all users running Snow Leopard or later with a bit Intel processor. It features a redesigned user interface similar to that of iOS 7intended to feature a more minimal, text-based 'flat' design, with use of translucency effects and intensely saturated colors. Similar to Mac OS X Refinements include public transport built into the Maps application, GUI improvements to the Notes application, adopting San Francisco as the system font for clearer legibility, and the introduction of System Integrity Protection.

The Metal APIfirst introduced in iOS 8was also included in this operating system for "all Macs since ". New features include the addition of SiriOptimized Storage, and updates to Photos, Stock market where is it headed, and iTunes.

High Sierra uses the new Apple File Systemand includes enhancements to Safari, Photos and Mail, among other changes. As of JulymacOS is the second-most-active general-purpose desktop client operating system in use on the World Wide Web following Microsoft Windowswith a 4. It is the most successful Unix-like desktop operating system on the web, estimated at approximately 5 times the usage of Linux which has 1. Usage share generally continues to shift away from the desktop and toward mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android.

In its earlier years, Mac OS X enjoyed a near-absence of the types of malware and spyware that have affected Microsoft Windows users. Wormsas well as potential vulnerabilities, mt5 forex economic calendar noted inwhich led some industry analysts and anti-virus companies to issue warnings that Apple's Mac OS X is not immune to malware. At first, the malware installer required the user to enter the administrative password, but later versions were able to install without user input.

Apple announced an OS X update to fix the problem. An estimatedusers were affected.

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As a devices company, most large-scale Apple promotion for macOS has been part of the sale of Macs, with promotion of macOS updates generally focused on existing users, promotion at Apple Store and other retail partners, or through events for developers. In larger scale advertising campaigns, Apple specifically promoted macOS as better for handling media and other home-user applications, and comparing Mac OS X especially versions Tiger and Leopard with the heavy criticism Microsoft received for the long-awaited Windows Vista operating system.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the current Apple operating system for Mac computers. For pre versions, see Classic Mac OS.

For other uses, see OSX disambiguation. Screenshot of the latest version of macOS, Sierra As of macOS Sierra: Arabic, Catalan, Croatian, Chinese SimplifiedChinese TraditionalCzech, Danish, Dutch, English, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese BrazilPortuguese PortugalRomanian, Russian, Slovak, Spanish MexicoSpanish SpainSwedish, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese.

Mac App Store History Transition to Intel processors Architecture Technologies List of applications List of games Components. Activity Monitor AirPort Utility Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange ColorSync Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Remote Install Mac OS X Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver.

Classic Mac OS Copland NeXTSTEP Rhapsody Darwin. List of Macintosh software. Two minor updates, 1. Otherwise, Mac OS X Apple's transition to Intel processors. List of macOS components. Mac OS X Public Beta. Mac OS X Panther. Mac OS X Tiger. Mac OS X Leopard. Mac OS X Snow Leopard. Mac OS X Lion.

OS X Mountain Lion. OS X El Capitan. Usage share of operating systems. Macintosh operating systems Classic Mac OS — Comparison of BSD operating systems Comparison of operating systems List of operating systems List of Macintosh software List of macOS technologies Dock macOS.

Retrieved June 16, Retrieved May 15, Retrieved June 5, Retrieved September 28, Event occurs at Retrieved June 10, Retrieved December 4, Retrieved September 29, Retrieved November 5, Retrieved October 23, Retrieved November 16, Retrieved May 18, Retrieved December 15, The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved April 19, Retrieved 30 November Retrieved December 20, The current version of Mac OS is Mac OS X pronounced "Mac O-S ten". Retrieved April 15, Even Steve Jobs still says "ecks" instead of "ten" sometimes.

Retrieved March 20, Retrieved February 28, Retrieved May 24, The developers of the Macintosh OS at Apple have always been in this camp [i.

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Unsurprisingly, each new Mac OS X release has been the vehicle for a parade of Finder fantasies. Archived from the original on December 15, Archived from the original on October 12, A giant leap backward.

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FileMaker Final Cut Studio Final Cut Pro X Motion Compressor Logic Studio Logic Pro Mainstage. Calendar iTunes history Mail Messages Photo Booth Photos QuickTime Safari version history TextEdit. Apple Remote Desktop macOS Server WebObjects Xsan. Dashcode Instruments Interface Builder Quartz Composer Xcode iAd Producer. Mac Aperture AppleWorks Bento Classic Mac OS System 1 6 7 8 9 Color DVD Studio Pro Final Cut Express Front Row HyperCard iChat iDVD iPhoto iWeb Logic Express MacDraw MacPaint MacProject MacTerminal MacWrite MobileMe ResEdit Shake Soundtrack Pro.

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